The HIF-1/LC3-II axis impacts fungal immunity in human macrophages

The fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum causes a spectrum of disease, ranging from local pulmonary infection to disseminated disease. The organism seeks residence in macrophages, which are permissive for its survival. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), a principal regulator of innate immunity to pathogens, is necessary for macrophage-mediated immunity to H. capsulatum in mice. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of HIF-1 in human macrophages infected with this fungus. HIF-1 stabilization was detected in peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages at 2 to 24 h after infection with viable yeast cells. Further, host mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were enhanced. In contrast, heat-killed yeasts induced early, but not later, stabilization of HIF-1. Since the absence of HIF-1 is detrimental to host control of infection, we asked if large amounts of HIF-1 protein, exceeding those induced by H. capsulatum, altered macrophage responses to this pathogen. Exposure of infected macrophages to an HIF-1 stabilizer significantly reduced recovery of H. capsulatum from macrophages and produced a decrement in mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis compared to those of controls. We observed recruitment of the autophagy-related protein LC3-II to the phagosome, whereas enhancing HIF-1 reduced phagosomal decoration. This finding suggested that H. capsulatum exploited an autophagic process to survive. In support of this assertion, inhibition of autophagy activated macrophages to limit intracellular growth of H. capsulatum. Thus, enhancement of HIF-1 creates a hostile environment for yeast cells in human macrophages by interrupting the ability of the pathogen to provoke host cell autophagy.