Pulmonary responses to overventilation in late multiple organ failure

BACKGROUND: Patients with multiple organ failure (MOF) require mechanical ventilation for several days. The enormous significance of the ventilation strategy for the outcome of these patients is well appreciated. However, most studies have focused on the onset and the early phase of MOF. It was the aim of the current study to investigate the effect of ventilation in the course of MOF. METHODS: Using a model where mice develop MOF 7-14 days after intraperitoneal injection of zymosan, the authors analyzed lung functions, signaling pathways, and mediator release in response to protective ventilation (end-expiratory pressure -3 cm H2O; end-inspiratory pressure -10 cm H2O) and overventilation (-22.5 cm H2O) in isolated lungs ex vivo. RESULTS: On day 7, pulmonary compliance, pulmonary resistance, and tidal volume were normal, but vascular resistance was elevated compared with untreated animals. During ex vivo ventilation, these lungs showed enhanced nuclear factor-κB activation, Akt kinase phosphorylation, and cytokine release, and this was further aggravated by overventilation. After 14 days, zymosan-treated animals were characterized by pulmonary hypertension, reduced tidal volume, elevated pulmonary resistance, and increased mediator production. However, in these lungs, neither nuclear factor-κB activation nor cytokine production where enhanced by overventilation. CONCLUSIONS: The zymosan model is characterized by pulmonary inflammation, diminished lung functions, and chronic hypertension. Mechanical ventilation with high distending pressures further augmented cytokine production in this chronic model of MOF only if it significantly augmented tidal volume. The authors speculate that these findings may be explained on the basis of different degrees of lung stretch.