Comorbid Axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: Results of the PAGE study

Anja Bischof; Christian Meyer; Gallus Bischof; Nadin Kastirke; Ulrich John; Hans Juergen Rumpf

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.026

Comorbid Axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: Results of the PAGE study

Anja Bischof^*, Christian Meyer, Gallus Bischof, Nadin Kastirke, Ulrich John, Hans Juergen Rumpf

^*Corresponding author for this work

Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

University of Greifswald

57 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to analyze comorbid Axis I-disorders in a sample of individuals with at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling. A number of 164 adult gamblers derived from a random sample of 15,023 individuals were compared with a general population sample. The lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder was 93.6% among pathological (five-10 criteria), 83.5% among problem (three or four criteria), and 81.0% among at-risk gamblers (one or two criteria). Substance use disorders were the most common comorbid disorders in gamblers. Logistic regression analyses revealed elevated odds ratios for having a comorbid disorder in at-risk (Conditional Odds Ratio (COR) 3.5, Confidence Interval (CI) 2.6-4.6), problem (COR 4.9, CI 3.3-7.3), and pathological gamblers (COR 4.6, CI 3.0-6.9) compared to the general population. No significant differences were found between at-risk and problem gamblers or problem and pathological gamblers. Compared to at-risk gamblers, pathological gamblers showed elevated rates of comorbid substance use disorders. The data suggest a linear association between gambling disorder severity and comorbid Axis I-disorders. In conclusion, comorbid disorders are very prevalent in individuals with gambling problems. Even at-risk gamblers with one or two DSM-IV criteria show high rates of Axis I-disorders. Therefore, this group should be included in further studies on problematic gambling.

Original language	English
Journal	Psychiatry Research
Volume	210
Issue number	3
Pages (from-to)	1065-1070
Number of pages	6
ISSN	0165-1781
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.026
Publication status	Published - 30.12.2013

Funding

The Pathological Gambling and Epidemiology (PAGE) study is a project of the German Research Collaboration Early Intervention in health risk behaviors (EARLINT) and was funded by the Federal States of Germany (Grant number II6-21v06.03-01-09/002 ).

UN SDGs

This output contributes to the following UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being
SDG 10 Reduced Inequalities

Research Areas and Centers

Academic Focus: Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM)

Access to Document

10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.026

Cite this

@article{b42c1ae6657640bf9e323cb94f8e1ef4,

title = "Comorbid Axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: Results of the PAGE study",

abstract = "The aim of the present study was to analyze comorbid Axis I-disorders in a sample of individuals with at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling. A number of 164 adult gamblers derived from a random sample of 15,023 individuals were compared with a general population sample. The lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder was 93.6\% among pathological (five-10 criteria), 83.5\% among problem (three or four criteria), and 81.0\% among at-risk gamblers (one or two criteria). Substance use disorders were the most common comorbid disorders in gamblers. Logistic regression analyses revealed elevated odds ratios for having a comorbid disorder in at-risk (Conditional Odds Ratio (COR) 3.5, Confidence Interval (CI) 2.6-4.6), problem (COR 4.9, CI 3.3-7.3), and pathological gamblers (COR 4.6, CI 3.0-6.9) compared to the general population. No significant differences were found between at-risk and problem gamblers or problem and pathological gamblers. Compared to at-risk gamblers, pathological gamblers showed elevated rates of comorbid substance use disorders. The data suggest a linear association between gambling disorder severity and comorbid Axis I-disorders. In conclusion, comorbid disorders are very prevalent in individuals with gambling problems. Even at-risk gamblers with one or two DSM-IV criteria show high rates of Axis I-disorders. Therefore, this group should be included in further studies on problematic gambling.",

author = "Anja Bischof and Christian Meyer and Gallus Bischof and Nadin Kastirke and Ulrich John and Rumpf, \{Hans Juergen\}",

note = "Funding Information: The Pathological Gambling and Epidemiology (PAGE) study is a project of the German Research Collaboration Early Intervention in health risk behaviors (EARLINT) and was funded by the Federal States of Germany (Grant number II6-21v06.03-01-09/002 ). Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.026",

language = "English",

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Comorbid Axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: Results of the PAGE study. / Bischof, Anja; Meyer, Christian; Bischof, Gallus et al.
In: Psychiatry Research, Vol. 210, No. 3, 30.12.2013, p. 1065-1070.

Research output: Journal Articles › Journal articles › Research › peer-review

TY - JOUR

T1 - Comorbid Axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: Results of the PAGE study

AU - Bischof, Anja

AU - Meyer, Christian

AU - Bischof, Gallus

AU - Kastirke, Nadin

AU - John, Ulrich

AU - Rumpf, Hans Juergen

N1 - Funding Information: The Pathological Gambling and Epidemiology (PAGE) study is a project of the German Research Collaboration Early Intervention in health risk behaviors (EARLINT) and was funded by the Federal States of Germany (Grant number II6-21v06.03-01-09/002 ). Copyright: Copyright 2014 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

PY - 2013/12/30

Y1 - 2013/12/30

N2 - The aim of the present study was to analyze comorbid Axis I-disorders in a sample of individuals with at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling. A number of 164 adult gamblers derived from a random sample of 15,023 individuals were compared with a general population sample. The lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder was 93.6% among pathological (five-10 criteria), 83.5% among problem (three or four criteria), and 81.0% among at-risk gamblers (one or two criteria). Substance use disorders were the most common comorbid disorders in gamblers. Logistic regression analyses revealed elevated odds ratios for having a comorbid disorder in at-risk (Conditional Odds Ratio (COR) 3.5, Confidence Interval (CI) 2.6-4.6), problem (COR 4.9, CI 3.3-7.3), and pathological gamblers (COR 4.6, CI 3.0-6.9) compared to the general population. No significant differences were found between at-risk and problem gamblers or problem and pathological gamblers. Compared to at-risk gamblers, pathological gamblers showed elevated rates of comorbid substance use disorders. The data suggest a linear association between gambling disorder severity and comorbid Axis I-disorders. In conclusion, comorbid disorders are very prevalent in individuals with gambling problems. Even at-risk gamblers with one or two DSM-IV criteria show high rates of Axis I-disorders. Therefore, this group should be included in further studies on problematic gambling.

AB - The aim of the present study was to analyze comorbid Axis I-disorders in a sample of individuals with at-risk, problem, and pathological gambling. A number of 164 adult gamblers derived from a random sample of 15,023 individuals were compared with a general population sample. The lifetime prevalence of any psychiatric disorder was 93.6% among pathological (five-10 criteria), 83.5% among problem (three or four criteria), and 81.0% among at-risk gamblers (one or two criteria). Substance use disorders were the most common comorbid disorders in gamblers. Logistic regression analyses revealed elevated odds ratios for having a comorbid disorder in at-risk (Conditional Odds Ratio (COR) 3.5, Confidence Interval (CI) 2.6-4.6), problem (COR 4.9, CI 3.3-7.3), and pathological gamblers (COR 4.6, CI 3.0-6.9) compared to the general population. No significant differences were found between at-risk and problem gamblers or problem and pathological gamblers. Compared to at-risk gamblers, pathological gamblers showed elevated rates of comorbid substance use disorders. The data suggest a linear association between gambling disorder severity and comorbid Axis I-disorders. In conclusion, comorbid disorders are very prevalent in individuals with gambling problems. Even at-risk gamblers with one or two DSM-IV criteria show high rates of Axis I-disorders. Therefore, this group should be included in further studies on problematic gambling.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/84888302365

U2 - 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.026

DO - 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.07.026

M3 - Journal articles

C2 - 23962739

AN - SCOPUS:84888302365

SN - 0165-1781

VL - 210

SP - 1065

EP - 1070

JO - Psychiatry Research

JF - Psychiatry Research

IS - 3

ER -

Comorbid Axis I-disorders among subjects with pathological, problem, or at-risk gambling recruited from the general population in Germany: Results of the PAGE study

Abstract

Funding

UN SDGs

Research Areas and Centers

Access to Document

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