@article{f48949910373419397ce822c7d804419,
title = "Breastfeeding for 3 months or longer but not probiotics is associated with reduced risk for inattention/hyperactivity and conduct problems in very-low-birth-weight children at early primary school age",
abstract = "(1) Background: We aimed to evaluate the effect of proposed “microbiome-stabilising interventions”, i.e., breastfeeding for 3 months and prophylactic use of Lactobacillus acidophilus/ Bifidobacterium infantis probiotics on neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes of very-low-birthweight (VLBW) children aged 5–6 years. (2) Methods: We performed a 5-year-follow-up assessment including a strength and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ) and an intelligence quotient (IQ) assessment using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI)-III test in preterm children previously enrolled in the German Neonatal Network (GNN). The analysis was restricted to children exposed to antenatal corticosteroids and postnatal antibiotics. (3) Results: 2467 primary school-aged children fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In multivariable linear regression models breastfeeding 3 months was associated with lower conduct disorders (B (95% confidence intervals (CI)): 0.25 (0.47 to 0.03)) and inattention/hyperactivity (0.46 (0.81 to 0.10)) as measured by SDQ. Probiotic treatment during the neonatal period had no effect on SDQ scores or intelligence. (4) Conclusions: Prolonged breastfeeding of highly vulnerable infants may promote their mental health later in childhood, particularly by reducing risk for inattention/hyperactivity and conduct disorders. Future studies need to disentangle the underlying mechanisms during a critical time frame of development.",
author = "Christoph H{\"a}rtel and Juliane Spiegler and Ingmar Fortmann and Mariana Astiz and Henrik Oster and Bastian Siller and Dorothee Viemann and Thomas Keil and Tobias Banaschewski and Marcel Romanos and Egbert Herting and Wolfgang G{\"o}pel",
note = "Funding Information: Author Contributions: Conceptualization, C.H., J.S., I.F., H.O., M.A. and W.G.; methodology, C.H., J.S., T.K., T.B., M.R., E.H. and W.G.; software, C.H. and J.S.; validation, C.H., J.S., M.R. and W.G.; formal analysis, C.H. and J.S.; investigation, C.H., J.S., I.F., B.S., D.V. and T.K.; data curation, C.H., J.S., E.H. and W.G.; writing—original draft preparation, C.H. and J.S.; writing—review and editing: C.H., J.S., I.F., D.V., H.O., M.A., T.K., T.B., M.R., E.H., WNutr.G.ie;nprtsoject2020, administration,12, x FOR PEER RE.H.,EVIEWW.G. and C.H.; funding acquisition, W.G. and C.H. All authors have read10 ofand14 agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: The study was performed by members of the German Neonatal Network (GNN) and the Priming Funding: The study was performed by members of the German Neonatal Network (GNN) and the Priming immunity at the beginning of life (PRIMAL) Consortium. GNN and PRIMAL are funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research. There has been no involvement in study design, collection of analysis, interpretation ooff ddaattaa,, wwrriittiinngg ooff tthhee rreeppoorrtt oorr ddeecciissiioonn ttoo ssuubbmmiitt tthhee mmaannuussccrriipptt ffoorr ppuubblliiccaattiioonn bbyy tthhee GGeerrmmaann MMiinniissttrryy ffoorr Education and Research. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.",
year = "2020",
month = nov,
doi = "10.3390/nu12113278",
language = "English",
volume = "12",
pages = "1--14",
journal = "Nutrients",
issn = "2072-6643",
number = "11",
}
