Voltage-dependent block of neuronal and skeletal muscle sodium channels by thymol and menthol

Background and objective: Thymol is a naturally occurring phenol derivative used in anaesthetic practice as a stabilizer and preservative of halothane, usually at a concentration of 0.0 1%. Although analgesic effects have long been described for thymol and its structural homologue menthol, a molecular basis for these effects is still lacking. We studied the blocking effects of thymol and menthol on voltage-activated sodium currents in vitro as possible molecular target sites. Methods: Whole cell sodium inward currents via heterologously (HEK293 cells) expressed rat neuronal (rat type IIA) and human skeletal muscle (hSkM1) sodium channels were recorded in the absence and presence of definite concentrations of either thymol or menthol. Results: When depolarizing pulses to 0 mV were started from a holding potential of -70 mV, half-maximum blocking concentrations (IC₅₀) for the skeletal muscle and the neuronal sodium channel were 104 and 149 pmol for thymol and 376 and 571 μmol for menthol. The blocking potency of both compounds increased at depolarized holding potentials with the fraction of inactivated channels. The estimated dissociation constant K_d for thymol and menthol from the inactivated state was 22 and 106 μmol for the neuronal and 23 and 97 pmol for the skeletal muscle sodium channel, respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that antinociceptive and local anaesthetic effects of thymol and menthol might be mediated via blockade of voltage-operated sodium channels with the phenol derivative thymol being as potent as the local anaesthetic lidocaine.