The role of the circadian clock in the development, progression, and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

The circadian clock comprises a cellular endogenous timing system coordinating the alignment of physiological processes with geophysical time. Disruption of circadian rhythms has been associated with several metabolic diseases. In this review, we focus on liver as a major metabolic tissue and one of the most well-studied organs with regard to circadian regulation. We summarize current knowledge about the role of local and systemic clocks and rhythms in regulating biological functions of the liver. We discuss how the disruption of circadian rhythms influences the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We also critically evaluate whether NAFLD/NASH may in turn result in chronodisruption. The last chapter focuses on potential roles of the clock system in prevention and treatment of NAFLD/NASH and the interaction of current NASH drug candidates with liver circadian rhythms and clocks. It becomes increasingly clear that paying attention to circadian timing may open new avenues for the optimization of NAFLD/NASH therapies and provide interesting targets for prevention and treatment of these increasingly prevalent disorders.