Modulation of androgen and estrogen receptor expression by antiepileptic drugs and steroids in hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy

Purpose: Many of the antiepileptic drugs (AED) used in therapy of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are known as cytochrome P450 (CYP, P450) inducers. These AEDs are thought to modulate androgen and estrogen pathways in hippocampus, and therefore cause mental and reproductive disorders found in TLE patients. In the present study, we analyzed expression of androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor α (ERα), and CYP3A in the hippocampus of TLE patients and in murine hippocampal cell line HN25.1. Methods: Patients and cell lines had been treated with P450-inducing or noninducing AEDs, or with prednisolone, applied to prevent oedema formation prior to neurosurgical resection of the epileptic hippocampus. Human patient samples were analyzed by immunohistochemical approach, the HN25.1 cell line by quantitative RT-PCR, CAT reporter gene assay, and immunoblot. Results: In both, humans and cell lines, the expression of testosterone metabolising CYP3A4 (human) or CYP3A11 (mouse) and AR was up-regulated when P450-inducing AEDs and/or prednisolone had been applied. AR responsive CAT reporter gene assay indicated an increase of AR-signalling after treatment of the HN25.1 cells with the P450-inducers phenytoin and carbamazepine. ERα expression was increased only by the P450-inducing AEDs, but not by prednisolone, which indicates that pathways different from CYP3A4/11 led to ERα enhancement. Discussion: We conclude that P450-inducing AEDs influence AR expression and signalling in hippocampus most likely via CYP3A4/11-induction. The HN25.1 cell line holds promise to investigate the correlation between drug application and AR regulation, and to specifically address issues that are relevant to human TLE patients.