Modern management of castration-resistant prostate cancer

The approval or clinical evaluation of several new agents - cabazitaxel, enzalutamide, sipuleucel-T, radium-223 and abiraterone acetate - has significantly changed the management of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) prior to or after docetaxelbased chemotherapy. All of these agents have resulted in a significant survival benefit compared with their control group. However, treatment responses might differ depending on the associated comorbidities and the extent and the biological aggressiveness of the disease. Furthermore, treatment-associated side effects differ between the various drugs. As new drugs are approved, new treatment strategies and markers to best select which patients will best respond to which drug are needed. It is the aim of this article to (1) summarise the data of established treatment options in mCRPC, (2) highlight new developments of medical treatment, (3) provide clinically useful algorithms for the daily routine and to (4) point out future developments of medical treatment.