In vivo assessment and visualization of intracranial arterial hemodynamics with flow-sensitized 4D MR imaging at 3T

We evaluated electrocardiogram-synchronized flow-sensitized 4-dimensional MR imaging at 3T in combination with advanced 3D visualization strategies to ascertain its feasibility for the assessment of local intracranial blood-flow patterns in vivo. In large arteries of healthy volunteers, the temporal and spatial evolution of blood flow was successfully visualized and revealed-for example, a helical flow pattern in the carotid siphon. In a patient with steno-occlusive neurovascular disease, stagnant and retrograde flow patterns were readily visible.